Alexandrian,
Byzantine,
Western,and
Easterntypes identified by prior generations of researchers. Multivariate analysis can also be used for novel purposes such as identifying group representatives, group cores, and readings useful for classification purposes.
Analysis of Textual Variationdescribes how to prepare data extracted from a critical apparatus for analysis and compares results obtained when various MVA techniques are then applied; my PhD dissertation,
Ancient Witnesses,applies multivariate analysis to full transcriptions of early manuscripts of the Epistle to the Hebrews;
Mapping Textual Spacepresents analysis results based on data extracted from a critical apparatus of Hebrews. J. C. Thorpe,
Manuscript Classification,provides another introduction to multivariate analysis of data relating to New Testament textual variation.
NA
(Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|
→ | → | → |
Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions,
dianamethod of the
clusterpackage.
At each stage, the cluster with the largest diameter is selected. (The diameter of a cluster is the largest dissimilarity between any two of its observations.) To divide the selected cluster, the algorithm first looks for its most disparate observation (i.e., which has the largest average dissimilarity to the other observations of the selected cluster). This observation initiates the "splinter group". In subsequent steps, the algorithm reassigns observations that are closer to the "splinter group" than to the "old party". The result is a division of the selected cluster into two new clusters.
heightsat which groups divide into sub-groups. The associated
The Greek Vorlage of theSyra Harclensis .
heightof just over 12,000 kilometres, corresponding to the diameter of the entire point cloud. The left-hand branch splits into North American and European groups at a height of about 9,000 km which is the approximate distance between the centres of these two groups of cities. The North American group splits into eastern and western branches at a height of about 4,000 km, corresponding to the width of the continental USA. Sydney (SYD) and Dubai (DXB) are the first to split from the right-hand branch due to their relative isolation. The remaining cities in this branch split into East and Southeast Asian branches at a height of about 5,500 km.
Type | Data matrix | Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | → | → | → | → |
Control | → | → | → | → |
NA
(not available).V1
-V15
)
have been chosen to produce four well defined groups among twelve cases
(A1
-A12
), with three cases per group. A binary variable is one
with only two possible states, here represented by the symbols 1
and
2
. Cases within a group are similar while those of differing groups are
dissimilar.branchestipped by tight bunches of
leaves.The divisive coefficient associated with this dendrogram is 0.75.
R
prefixed to a numeral, variables with
a V
prefix, and states as 1
and 2
. The control data
sets of the following sections were produced by the same program and have the same labelling
system. Cases and variables from different controls are distinct even though their labels
may coincide.prob = (1 + (1 - 2*d)^0.5) / 2
, where prob
is the
probability of the first state and d
is the desired mean distance. In the
limit of an infinite number of cases, using this probability would produce the desired
mean distance.R4
and R8
, are relatively
close to each other while others, such as R1
and R5
, are
relatively far apart. Due to the nature of random processes, if enough random cases were
produced then the distances between pairs would encompass the full range of possible values,
with a minimum of zero and a maximum of one. The frequencies with which various distances
occur would vary, extreme values being less common than others.cutat a certain height to partition the cases into a number of groups. This is achieved by choosing a height, drawing a horizontal line across the dendrogram at that height, then grouping cases which belong to each sub-branch thus defined. Any height might be chosen, one possibility being the mean distance between pairs of cases. Cutting this dendrogram at a height equal to the mean distance of 0.481 produces the following partition:
Cluster | Members |
---|---|
1 | R1 R4 R8 R12 |
2 | R2 R3 R9 |
3 | R5 R7 R11 |
4 | R6 R10 |
Type | Data matrix | Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | → | → | → | → |
Control | → | → | → | → |
NA
is used. Minuscule 2427 has been
left in the data matrix even though it is now regarded as spurious. (Adding or omitting a
single witness seldom has much effect on results obtained by the analysis methods used in
this article.)Westernand
Alexandriangroups; Koridethi is between the
Westerngroup and a complex which includes the Sinaitic Syriac (syr-s), Armenian (arm), and Georgian (geo) versions. The proportion of variance figure for this map is 0.51, indicating that a three-dimensional treatment only conveys about half of the information contained in the distance matrix.
Type | Data matrix | Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | → | → | → | → |
Control | → | → | → | → |
Introduction,5*-7*, for a complete description. The electronic file is located at http://intf.uni-muenster.de/PPApparatus/.
Alexandrian.Another is comprised of 038 and 565, which B. H. Streeter listed as primary authorities of the
Caesareantext.
Caesareantext.
Byzantine
Alexandrian(e.g. 01, 03, 04, 019)
Western(e.g. 05, it-a, it-b, it-d)
Family 1(e.g. f-1, 28, 205).
Byzantine
Alexandrian(e.g. 01, 03, 04, 019)
Family 1(e.g. 1, 205, 209, 1582)
Family 13(e.g. 13, 69, 346, 543).
Byzantineand
Alexandrianis plain enough to require no further comment. As for differences, the INTF map does not have a counterpart for the
Westerngroup of the UBS4 map but, surprisingly, puts Codex Bezae (05) in the vicinity of Family 1. Also, the UBS4 map does not have a counterpart for the
Family 13group found in the INTF map. Instead, the entity which represents Family 13 in the UBS4 apparatus (f-13) is located near the
Family 1group.
Westernfamily of texts (i.e. 05). If the data sets incorporated more witnesses of the respective families then CMDS analysis results would contain corresponding groups. It seems that in the absence of multiple representatives of a group, CMDS analysis can place a solitary case closer to other groups than would occur if more members of its tribe were included. Perhaps the difference in location which would be expressed if more members of a group were included is being pushed into higher dimensions than those presented in a three-dimensional analysis result.
Alexandrian(e.g. 01, 03, 04, 019) and
Byzantine(e.g. 07, 09, 011, 013) branches. There is also consensus concerning the membership of a number of other branches when witnesses present in both data sets are considered. For example, the following branches which appear in the UBS4 dendrogram have counterparts in the INTF dendrogram: 022 and 042; 1241, 1424, and slav; 038 and 565. Apart from inclusion of the Family 13 entity (f-13), the branch of the UBS4 dendrogram comprised of f-1, f-13, 28, and 205 is comparable to the Family 1 branch of the INTF dendrogram (1, 28, ..., 2542).
Westernrepresentatives in the INTF data set. The INTF distance matrix confirms that 032 is solitary, being located a relatively large distance from all other witnesses. When witnesses are ranked by distance from 032, the closest (022) belongs to the
Byzantinecomplex while the next closest six (2193, 205, 209, 28, 1, 1582) are all members of Family 1. These factors help to explain why 032 is solitary in the INTF dendrogram but shares the same branch as Family 1 in the UBS4 dendrogram. Rather than being contradictory, both dendrograms reveal actual characteristics of 032.
For if we are to pin our faith to the Latin texts, it is for our opponents to tell us which; for there are almost as many forms of texts as there are copies. If, on the other hand, we are to glean the truth from a comparison of many, why not go back to the original Greek and correct the mistakes introduced by inaccurate translators, and the blundering alterations of confident but ignorant critics, and, further, all that has been inserted or changed by copyists more asleep than awake? ... I therefore promise in this short Preface the four Gospels only, which are to be taken in the following order, Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, as they have been revised by a comparison of the Greek manuscripts. Only early ones have been used. Jerome, Epistula ad Damasum , translated by W. H. Fremantle.
Byzantinetexts at the other. If these Old Latin texts represent the Latin exemplars used by Jerome, it seems that the
earlyGreek manuscripts he used to revise the Latin text of Mark were of the Byzantine variety.
Number of readings | Frequency | Cumulative proportion |
---|---|---|
2 | 418 | 0.597 |
3 | 124 | 0.774 |
4 | 71 | 0.876 |
5 | 37 | 0.928 |
6 | 25 | 0.964 |
7 | 6 | 0.973 |
8 | 6 | 0.981 |
9 | 6 | 0.990 |
10 | 3 | 0.994 |
> 10 | 4 | 1.000 |
Conclusions,221.
The ... figures impressively demonstrate the degree of coherence between New Testament manuscripts... This evidence enforces the conclusion that the efforts of scribes to copy their exemplar as precisely as possible were, on the whole, successful. A chain of closely related copies connects the single manuscript texts with the source of the tradition, the initial text.
In a dense tradition, it is typical of contamination that a witness shares most of its variants with its closest relative and if it deviates from this relative the variants concerned can be found in other close relatives.
1
and 2
then the four
possible combinations are (1
, 1
), (1
,
2
), (2
, 1
), and (2
, 2
), the
second and third of which disagree.qbinom(c(0.025, 0.975), n, p)/n
, where n is the number of trials and p is
the probability of success. The values 0.025 and 0.975 are the upper and lower
No. of trials | Interval |
---|---|
5 | [0.000, 1.000] |
10 | [0.200, 0.800] |
15 | [0.267, 0.733] |
20 | [0.300, 0.700] |
50 | [0.360, 0.640] |
100 | [0.400, 0.600] |
200 | [0.430, 0.570] |
500 | [0.456, 0.544] |
1000 | [0.469, 0.531] |
2000 | [0.478, 0.522] |
Data set | Mean no. of variation units | Mean distance | Interval |
---|---|---|---|
UBS4 (Mark) | 123 | 0.471 | [0.382, 0.561] |
INTF (Mark) | 488 | 0.159 | [0.127, 0.193] |
At what height should a dendrogram be cut to produce groups where members are actually related?A reasonable value to use for this purpose is the lower bound of the range of distances which are likely to occur by chance for a given data set. To illustrate, the control for the well defined groups example is comprised of twelve cases with fifteen variables per case and a mean distance between cases of 0.481. The corresponding lower critical limit is 0.267.
qbinom(alpha/2, n, p)/n
, where the R4
and
R8
, the other R5
and R11
. This serves as a reminder
that pairs of randomly generated cases can occasionally be closer together or further apart
than expected. In the long run average of many trials, the frequency of such cases
approaches the Cluster | Members |
---|---|
1 | UBS 01 03 04 019 037 044 892 2427 cop-sa cop-bo |
2 | 02 33 157 180 579 597 700 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect syr-p syr-h |
3 | 05 038 565 it-a it-aur it-b it-c it-d it-f it-ff-2 it-i it-l it-q it-r-1 vg Augustine |
4 | 032 |
5 | f-1 f-13 28 205 |
6 | it-k |
7 | syr-pal |
8 | syr-s arm geo |
qbinom(c(alpha/2, 1 - alpha/2), n, p)/n
, where alpha, n, and p are the
Data set | Cases compared | Places compared | Distance estimate | Confidence interval |
---|---|---|---|---|
Well defined groups | A1 A12 | 5 | 0.600 | [0.200, 1.000] |
Well defined groups | A1 A12 | 15 | 0.533 | [0.267, 0.800] |
UBS4, Mark | f-1 f-13 | 5 | 0.600 | [0.200, 1.000] |
UBS4, Mark | f-1 f-13 | 50 | 0.380 | [0.240, 0.520] |
UBS4, Mark | f-1 f-13 | 100 | 0.340 | [0.250, 0.430] |
INTF, Mark | 1 13 | 5 | 0.400 | [0.000, 0.800] |
INTF, Mark | 1 13 | 50 | 0.220 | [0.120, 0.340] |
INTF, Mark | 1 13 | 100 | 0.200 | [0.120, 0.280] |
INTF, Mark | 1 13 | 400 | 0.217 | [0.177, 0.258] |
(t * (p * (1 - p))^0.5) / n^0.5
, where t is
the appropriate qt(1 - alpha/2, df=n-1)
.
Taking the seventh row of the table as an example, when n is 50 and the
(2.01 * (0.22 * 0.78)^0.5) / 50^0.5
, which is 0.118. This agrees quite
well with the margins of 0.10 (lower) and 0.12 (upper) obtained with the binomial
distribution.205 (0.044); 28 (0.338); Lect (0.339); f-13 (0.360); 1424 (0.366); 1241 (0.370); geo (0.372); 1505 (0.378); slav (0.379); G (0.389*); 1243 (0.390*); Byz (0.391*); 1292 (0.392*); 1006 (0.412*); 1071 (0.412*); 597 (0.418*); 180 (0.419*); E (0.419*); 1010 (0.421*); 565 (0.425*); A (0.426*); H (0.426*); 33 (0.427*); syr-h (0.430*); syr-p (0.431*); arm (0.432*); 700 (0.434*); F (0.435*); Sigma (0.437*); syr-s (0.438*); 157 (0.450*); Theta (0.455*); 579 (0.455*); it-q (0.456*); syr-pal (0.458*); vg (0.465*); 1342 (0.474*); Augustine (0.479*); it-l (0.481*); N (0.484*); it-aur (0.492*); it-f (0.505*); 892 (0.511*); C (0.514*); eth (0.517*); W (0.537*); L (0.539*); cop-sa (0.560*); Psi (0.567*); it-i (0.568*); Delta (0.570); cop-bo (0.579); it-ff-2 (0.589); it-b (0.593); it-c (0.595); it-r-1 (0.611); 2427 (0.615); it-a (0.635); UBS (0.642); Aleph (0.656); B (0.672); D (0.679); it-k (0.683); it-d (0.690) |
Cluster | Early version |
---|---|
Alexandrian | Coptic (e.g. cop-bo, cop-sa) |
Western | Old Latin (e.g. it-a, it-b, it-c, it-d) |
Family 1 | Old Syriac, Armenian, Georgian (syr-s, arm, geo) |
Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions,
pammethod of the
clusterpackage.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
DFW | ATL ORD LAX DFW DEN JFK PHX LAS IAH CLT MCO MIA SFO |
HKG | PEK HND BKK HKG CGK SIN CAN PVG KUL SYD |
FRA | LHR CDG FRA DXB MAD AMS MUC |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
ATL | ATL ORD DFW JFK IAH CLT MCO MIA |
PVG | PEK HND HKG CAN PVG |
CDG | LHR CDG FRA MAD AMS MUC |
LAS | LAX DEN PHX LAS SFO |
SIN | BKK CGK SIN KUL |
DXB | DXB |
SYD | SYD |
correctnumber of groups for the data set.
correctnumber of groups, which is four. Here are the MSW plots for this primary example and its control:
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A3 | A1 A2 A3 |
A4 | A4 A5 A6 |
A8 | A7 A8 A9 |
A12 | A10 A11 A12 |
correctnumber of groups. Instead, certain numbers of groups have greater claim than others to be
naturalwhen partitioning the data set. For such a data set, peaks in the MSW plot are suggestive rather than emphatic.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
044 | UBS 01 03 04 019 032 037 044 892 2427 it-k syr-s cop-sa cop-bo |
Byz | 02 f-1 f-13 28 33 157 180 205 579 597 700 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect it-aur it-f it-l syr-p syr-h syr-pal eth geo slav Augustine |
it-i | 05 038 565 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-q it-r-1 vg arm |
Poorly classified (worst last): 04 syr-s arm vg |
Alexandrian,
Byzantine,
Caesarean,
Western,
Family 1,or
Family 13to label a group. For one thing, partitioning a data set into a large number of groups tends to split any structure for which a broad categorical label such as
Alexandrianmight be apt. For another, the most central witness of a textual family is often not the one which the family is named after. Sometimes, however, corresponding groups in different partitions do not have the same medoids. For example, the group with medoid 044 in the three-way partition of the UBS4 data set has the same core members as the one with medoid 03 in a six-way partition of the same data set. A group's medoid can change if even a single case is added or removed because another case can then become the most central one. Consequently, while the medoid does serve as a convenient and appropriate label for a group, it is not a reliable guide to identifying corresponding groups in different partitions of the same data set. A better approach for this purpose is to look for common constituents. If the medoid of a textual complex does change from one partition to the next then the sequence of medoids that complex has for different numbers of groups can be chained together to form a label.
Grprefix and manuscript siglum in his
Alexandrianwitnesses,
Byzantineones, and
Westerntexts. However, the groups also contain witnesses which are not normally associated with the conventional categories. Some of the witnesses which seem out of place are out of place. In a situation analogous to hammering square pegs into round holes, they do not fit their assigned places. When deciding how to partition a data set, numbers of groups with larger values of the mean silhouette width are preferable. Although the average value of the silhouette widths may be relatively large, individual silhouette widths might be small. Indeed, a case can have a negative value for the statistic, indicating a particularly poor fit to its assigned division. The more negative the silhouette width, the worse the classification. When the UBS4 data set is divided into three groups, witnesses 04, syr-s, arm, and vg are thus identified as not well classified. Nevertheless, assigning them to the indicated divisions still minimizes the sum of distances between medoids and witnesses for the given number of groups.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 037 044 2427 cop-sa cop-bo |
Byz | 02 04 f-13 33 157 180 579 597 700 892 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
it-ff-2 | 05 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-k it-r-1 |
arm | 032 565 syr-s arm geo |
vg | 038 it-aur it-f it-l it-q vg syr-pal eth Augustine |
205 | f-1 28 205 |
Poorly classified (worst last): 038 f-13 geo eth 565 892 |
Alexandrian,
Byzantine,and
Westerncategories.
the text of the Palestinian Syriac version agrees with no one type of text, but embodies elements from quite disparate families and texts.Rochus Zuurmond,
The Ethiopic Version,146, writes,
Whatever the vicissitudes of the Eth may have been, and granted that influences from non-Greek sources may have played their role already at an early stage, the Eth is an immediate descendant of the Greek textual tradition.
565 (0.269); syr-pal (0.373); f-13 (0.390); 700 (0.397); it-i (0.400); Augustine (0.423); slav (0.427); vg (0.429); 28 (0.441); it-l (0.445); 205 (0.449); arm (0.453); f-1 (0.455); it-aur (0.462); geo (0.462); 1424 (0.463); Lect (0.471); it-q (0.472); it-ff-2 (0.476); it-b (0.477); 1071 (0.478); 011 (0.481); 1241 (0.489); syr-h (0.491); 1505 (0.496); 05 (0.500); 1243 (0.500); 1292 (0.500); it-d (0.500); it-r-1 (0.500); syr-p (0.504); eth (0.504); 180 (0.507); Byz (0.508); it-f (0.509); 33 (0.514); 013 (0.516); 597 (0.522); 1006 (0.522); 157 (0.527); 07 (0.529); it-a (0.532); 022 (0.541); it-c (0.542); 042 (0.549); 1010 (0.556); cop-bo (0.558); 02 (0.559); 09 (0.559); 892 (0.563); syr-s (0.565); 579 (0.567); 1342 (0.578); 019 (0.602); 032 (0.612); UBS (0.626); 04 (0.632); cop-sa (0.650); 037 (0.659); 2427 (0.662); 01 (0.664); 044 (0.705); it-k (0.707); 03 (0.725) |
Eastern typehaving sub-varieties associated with the provincial capitals of Syria and Palestine:
Provincial Capitals | ||
---|---|---|
Antioch (Syria) | Caesarea (Palestine) | |
Authorities | ||
Primary | Sinaitic Syriac | 038, 565 |
Secondary | Curetonian Syriac | 032 (Mark chapters 6-16), Family 1, Family 13, 28, 700, Georgian |
Tertiary | Syriac Peshitta, Armenian | 022, 023, 042, 043, 157, 544, Family 1424 |
Supplementary | Harclean Syriac, Palestinian Syriac | 030, 039, 1071, 1604, Armenian |
Caesareantext:
If Codex Θ is a good representative of the Caesarean text,the poor and unexceptional agreement of Codex W with Θ makes it highly unlikely that W is related in any special way to this text-type.Hurtado, Text-Critical Methodology , 83.
Caesarean.Ranking witnesses by distance from 032 in Mark chapters 6-16 helps to reveal the manuscript's character in this block:
syr-s (0.421*); arm (0.429*); geo (0.429*); 205 (0.469*); f-1 (0.479*); 565 (0.500*); 28 (0.510*); cop-sa (0.514*); f-13 (0.541*); 044 (0.548*); 038 (0.558); 700 (0.561); it-f (0.569*); vg (0.571); 011 (0.573); it-r-1 (0.574*); cop-bo (0.575); it-l (0.576); syr-p (0.581); Augustine (0.583*); slav (0.587); it-ff-2 (0.589); UBS (0.591); it-q (0.591); 1006 (0.592); 1243 (0.592); it-b (0.595); syr-h (0.598); it-c (0.600); Lect (0.602); 037 (0.608); 1424 (0.608); 180 (0.612); 1071 (0.612); 03 (0.613); 2427 (0.613); eth (0.616); 05 (0.617); 892 (0.619); it-aur (0.621); 02 (0.622); 157 (0.622); 1241 (0.622); 1292 (0.622); Byz (0.624); 597 (0.625); 1010 (0.625); 019 (0.626); it-k (0.627); 01 (0.630); 07 (0.633); it-d (0.633); 04 (0.635); 022 (0.639); 09 (0.640); 013 (0.642); it-i (0.643); 1342 (0.649); 1505 (0.649); 042 (0.651); 579 (0.653); syr-pal (0.667); it-a (0.671); 33 (0.677) |
Easternbranch although none is adjacent to 032 in the sense of being closer than expected by chance. However, as mentioned before, lack of statistical significance for a distance does not imply lack of relationship between two witnesses. Instead, an adjacent or opposite relationship may exist but it is not possible to confidently say so without analysis of a more comprehensive data set. In the context of the UBS4 data set for Mark, 032 does not have any close neighbours and might therefore be described as an eccentric text. Nevertheless, it remains true that the closest witnesses to 032 in this data set are members of Streeter's
Easterncategory.
Easternvariety yet is unlike 038? The six-way partition is not inconsistent with Streeter's identification of a distinct textual variety which includes 032, Family 1, 28, the Sinaitic Syriac, Armenian, and Georgian. At the same time, the relevant CMDS map shows that 038 and 565 lie on a trajectory between the Armenian and Georgian versions at one end, and
Westernwitnesses at the other. Ironically, it seems that the two manuscripts Streeter regarded as primary authorities for the
Caesareansub-variety of his
Easternbranch are mixtures of
Easternand
Westernreadings in the Gospel of Mark. Others have already noticed the
Westernleanings of 038 and 565. Larry Hurtado writes,
The quantity of Western readings in Θ and its allies (565, 700) is so great that the present writer would suggest that perhaps the text represented by these MSS is a form of the Western text as it was shaped in the East.Stephen C. Carlson writes,
The practice of anchoring the 'Caesarean' label on the branch containing Θ and 565 now appears unwise, since Θ and 565 come from a family that originated as a late mixture of Branch gamma (to which Origen’s text belongs) and a Western text substantially similar to D.
The Origin(s) of the 'Caesarean' Text,20-21. Carlson includes P45, W, Families 1 and 13, 28, Codex Bobbiensis (i.e. Old Latin k), and Origen's text in his
Branch gamma.
Eastern type,and 032 is closer to these than the other medoids. Whether
Caesareanbranch of Streeter's
Easterntext.
Codex 1582 and Family 1 of the Gospels,ii) acknowledges the possibility of a connection between Family 1 and Caesarea although in the Gospel of Matthew rather than Mark:
The text and marginal variants of Codex 1582 are shown to be related, though not identical to the text of Matthew used by Origen, raising the possibility of a Caesarean archetype.Anderson proposes that 1582 should be considered the leading member of Family 1 in Matthew.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 044 2427 |
Byz | 02 f-13 33 157 180 579 597 700 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
037 | 04 019 037 |
it-ff-2 | 05 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-r-1 |
032 | 032 |
038 | 038 565 syr-pal |
205 | f-1 28 205 |
cop-bo | 892 cop-sa cop-bo |
vg | it-aur it-f it-l it-q vg eth Augustine |
it-k | it-k |
arm | syr-s arm geo |
Poorly classified (worst last): eth 892 019 |
Easterncategory and
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 03 2427 |
01 | 01 |
Byz | 02 33 157 180 597 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
04 | 04 |
it-d | 05 it-a it-d |
044 | 019 044 892 |
032 | 032 |
037 | 037 |
038 | 038 565 |
f-1 | f-1 205 |
f-13 | f-13 |
28 | 28 |
579 | 579 |
700 | 700 |
1342 | 1342 |
vg | it-aur it-f it-l it-q vg Augustine |
it-i | it-b it-ff-2 it-i it-r-1 |
it-c | it-c |
it-k | it-k |
syr-pal | syr-pal |
syr-s | syr-s |
cop-bo | cop-sa cop-bo |
arm | arm geo |
eth | eth |
No negative silhouette widths. |
naturalone because the corresponding MSW plot has a large magnitude for this number of groups despite the general tendency for MSW values to decrease as the number of groups increases. If this is the best partition then it is reasonable to describe the UBS4 data set as comprised of many small groups and singletons along with a few larger groups such as
Alexandrian,although not many would place 05 (Codex Bezae) in this traditional category. As it happens, 05 has a negative silhouette width for this partition, indicating a poor fit in
Byzantinealong with others which are not.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A | 01 019 03 037 04 044 05 1342 33 579 892 A |
1339 | 011 013 017 02 021 0211 022 028 030 031 032 033 034 036 038 041 042 043 045 047 07 09 1 1009 1012 1071 1093 1110 118 1230 124 1241 1253 1273 1279 1296 13 130 131 1326 1328 1329 1330 1331 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1421 1424 1446 1451 1457 150 1500 1502 1506 1528 1555 157 1574 1579 1582 1593 16 1602 1604 1661 1675 1692 174 176 1780 18 1823 184 191 205 209 2193 22 222 233 2372 2411 2542 2546 2680 2726 273 2737 2766 2786 28 3 31 346 348 35 372 4 427 517 543 555 565 61 69 700 713 732 740 752 788 79 791 792 807 826 827 828 829 851 863 954 968 979 983 |
Poorly classified: 05 |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A | 01 019 03 037 04 044 05 1342 33 579 892 A |
1339 | 011 013 017 02 021 0211 022 028 030 031 033 034 036 041 042 043 045 047 07 09 1009 1012 1071 1093 1110 1230 1241 1253 1273 1279 1296 130 131 1326 1328 1329 1330 1331 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1421 1424 1446 1451 1457 150 1500 1502 1506 1528 1555 157 1574 1579 1593 16 1602 1604 1661 1675 1692 174 176 1780 18 1823 184 191 22 222 233 2372 2411 2546 2680 2726 273 2737 2766 2786 3 31 348 35 372 4 427 517 555 61 700 713 732 740 752 79 791 792 807 827 829 851 863 954 968 979 |
209 | 032 1 118 1582 205 209 2193 2542 28 |
826 | 038 124 13 346 543 565 69 788 826 828 983 |
Poorly classified: 05 |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A | 01 019 03 037 04 044 05 1342 33 579 892 A |
1339 | 011 013 021 0211 022 028 030 031 033 036 042 043 045 047 07 09 1009 1012 1093 1110 1230 1253 1273 1296 130 131 1326 1328 1329 1330 1331 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1343 1344 1345 1347 1348 1446 1451 1457 150 1502 1506 1555 157 1574 1593 1604 1661 1692 174 176 18 1823 191 22 233 2372 2546 2680 273 2737 2766 2786 3 31 35 372 4 427 713 740 79 791 792 807 827 851 968 979 |
041 | 017 02 034 038 041 1071 1346 1421 1500 1602 1780 222 2411 732 752 863 |
209 | 032 1 118 1582 205 209 2193 2542 28 |
826 | 124 13 346 543 69 788 826 828 983 |
517 | 1241 1424 1675 517 954 |
1528 | 1279 1528 1579 16 184 2726 348 555 565 61 700 829 |
Poorly classified (worst last): 565 28 05 33 038 118 2766 752 034 427 |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A | 01 019 03 037 04 044 1342 892 A |
07 | 011 013 028 031 033 034 036 045 047 07 09 1009 1093 1110 1296 131 1333 1335 1338 1341 1343 1347 1348 1555 1604 1661 174 176 22 2372 273 2786 3 31 4 700 807 851 |
041 | 017 02 041 1346 1421 1500 1602 1780 222 2411 752 |
1339 | 021 0211 030 043 1012 1230 1253 130 1326 1328 1329 1330 1331 1334 1336 1337 1339 1340 1344 1345 1451 150 1502 1506 157 1574 1692 18 233 2546 2680 2737 35 372 713 740 79 791 968 979 |
022 | 022 042 1071 1273 2766 |
032 | 032 |
565 | 038 565 |
05 | 05 |
209 | 1 118 1582 205 209 2193 2542 |
826 | 124 13 346 543 69 788 826 828 983 |
517 | 1241 1424 1675 517 954 |
1528 | 1279 1528 1579 16 184 2726 348 555 61 829 |
1457 | 1446 1457 1593 1823 191 827 |
28 | 28 |
579 | 33 579 |
732 | 427 732 863 |
792 | 792 |
Poorly classified (worst last): 0211 713 1345 030 1348 1338 1692 1071 1009 1273 2546 1344 2680 1012 791 31 157 130 1336 1502 1340 150 034 021 752 |
PAM group | von Soden | Wisse | Other names |
---|---|---|---|
Gr A | H | Group B | Alexandrian |
Gr 07 | K |
Group K |
Byzantine |
Gr 041 | K |
Group Π | Family Π |
Gr 1339 | K |
Group K |
Byzantine |
Gr 209 | I |
Group 1 | Family 1 |
Gr 826 | I |
Group 13 | Family 13 |
Gr 517 | I |
Cluster 1675 | Family 1424 |
Gr 1528 | I |
Groups 16, 1216 | |
Gr 1457 | Cluster 827 |
may help to answer whether common location results in textual similarity.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
031 | 011 013 028 031 033 045 07 09 1110 1296 1341 1343 1347 150 22 3 |
041 | 017 041 1346 1500 1602 2411 |
022 | 022 042 |
1333 | 030 1333 |
1421 | 034 1421 |
1 | 1 1582 205 209 2193 |
1451 | 1012 1451 968 |
1230 | 1230 233 |
826 | 13 346 543 69 788 826 828 |
1339 | 130 1328 1329 1331 1334 1336 1339 1345 18 35 |
1338 | 1338 2546 31 |
1528 | 1528 1579 16 |
517 | 1675 517 |
829 | 184 2726 348 829 |
791 | 2372 791 |
4 | 273 4 |
372 | 2737 372 |
732 | 427 732 |
61 | 555 61 |
Data set | Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|---|
UBS4 | → | → | → |
INTF | → | → | → |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 037 2427 cop-bo |
f-1 | P45 032 038 f-1 28 205 565 syr-s arm geo |
Byz | 02 f-13 33 157 180 579 597 700 892 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 042 Lect it-aur it-f it-l vg syr-p syr-h eth slav |
it-ff-2 | 05 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-q |
Poorly classified: 892 |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
A | 01 019 03 037 04 05 1342 33 579 892 A P45 |
1339 | 011 013 017 02 021 0211 022 028 030 031 033 034 036 041 042 043 045 047 07 09 1009 1012 1071 1093 1110 1230 1241 1253 1273 1279 1296 130 131 1326 1328 1329 1330 1331 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1421 1424 1446 1451 1457 150 1500 1502 1506 1528 1555 157 1574 1579 1593 16 1602 1604 1661 1675 1692 174 176 1780 18 1823 184 191 22 222 233 2372 2411 2546 2680 2726 273 2737 2766 2786 3 31 348 35 372 4 427 517 555 61 700 713 732 740 752 79 791 792 807 827 829 851 863 954 968 979 |
209 | 032 1 118 1582 205 209 2193 2542 28 |
826 | 038 124 13 346 543 565 69 788 826 828 983 |
Poorly classified (worst last): 05 33 P45 |
Easterncategory.
definitely Caesarean.
A (0.220); 04 (0.222); 032 (0.237); 028 (0.241); 030 (0.254); 1012 (0.254); 1328 (0.254); 1339 (0.254); 1343 (0.254); 1451 (0.254); 150 (0.254); 18 (0.254); 3 (0.254); 35 (0.254); 517 (0.254); 954 (0.254); 031 (0.263); 047 (0.265); 011 (0.271); 017 (0.271); 034 (0.271); 045 (0.271); 09 (0.271); 1110 (0.271); 118 (0.271); 1273 (0.271); 1296 (0.271); 130 (0.271); 1326 (0.271); 1329 (0.271); 1333 (0.271); 1334 (0.271); 1347 (0.271); 1502 (0.271); 157 (0.271); 1602 (0.271); 22 (0.271); 2680 (0.271); 2766 (0.271); 28 (0.271); 752 (0.271); 791 (0.271); 807 (0.271); 892 (0.271); 1338 (0.273); 2546 (0.273); 1421 (0.286); 013 (0.288); 02 (0.288); 021 (0.288); 036 (0.288); 041 (0.288); 043 (0.288); 07 (0.288); 1 (0.288); 1230 (0.288); 131 (0.288); 1330 (0.288); 1341 (0.288); 1344 (0.288); 1346 (0.288); 1506 (0.288); 1555 (0.288); 1582 (0.288); 176 (0.288); 184 (0.288); 191 (0.288); 2193 (0.288); 233 (0.288); 2372 (0.288); 2411 (0.288); 2542 (0.288); 2737 (0.288); 372 (0.288); 700 (0.288); 79 (0.288); 968 (0.288); 0211 (0.291); 31 (0.296); 1337 (0.298); 022 (0.300); 851 (0.304); 03 (0.305); 042 (0.305); 1071 (0.305); 1093 (0.305); 1241 (0.305); 1331 (0.305); 1336 (0.305); 1348 (0.305); 1424 (0.305); 1500 (0.305); 1528 (0.305); 1675 (0.305); 1692 (0.305); 205 (0.305); 209 (0.305); 222 (0.305); 2786 (0.305); 348 (0.305); 713 (0.305); 740 (0.305); 788 (0.305); 829 (0.305); 863 (0.305); 979 (0.305); 1009 (0.309); 033 (0.321); 038 (0.322); 1335 (0.322); 1342 (0.322); 1345 (0.322); 1457 (0.322); 1579 (0.322); 16 (0.322); 1780 (0.322); 2726 (0.322); 4 (0.322); 555 (0.322); 1574 (0.323); 543 (0.328); 037 (0.339); 1253 (0.339); 1279 (0.339); 1340 (0.339); 1661 (0.339); 273 (0.339); 427 (0.339); 61 (0.339); 826 (0.339); 827 (0.339); 828 (0.339); 174 (0.345); 01 (0.356); 13 (0.356); 1593 (0.356); 1604 (0.356); 346 (0.356); 565 (0.356); 69 (0.356); 732 (0.356); 579 (0.362); 019 (0.373); 05 (0.373); 124 (0.373); 1446 (0.373); 1823 (0.373); 792 (0.373); 983 (0.390); 33 (0.392) |
Eastern.
Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|
→ | → | → |
fixed point for the history of the text of the New Testament.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 032 037 2427 cop-sa cop-bo |
Byz | 02 f-1 f-13 33 157 180 205 579 597 700 892 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 042 Lect it-aur it-f it-l vg syr-p syr-h eth slav |
it-ff-2 | 05 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-q it-r-1 |
Origen | 038 28 565 syr-s arm geo Origen |
Poorly classified (worst last): 892 032 |
improvehis or her copy by reference to a second text then have lost interest or run out of time before the work was completed. If the corrected text was later copied then that copy and its descendants would contain as many of the second text's readings as had been transferred by the corrector then retained by the copyist. Another way block mixture might have occurred is through replacement of damaged leaves by ones copied from a different variety of text.
Block | Distance matrix | CMDS result | DC result |
---|---|---|---|
Block 1: Mk 1.1-4.24 | → | → | → |
Block 2: Mk 4.28-8.15 | → | → | → |
Block 3: Mk 8.26-11.25 | → | → | → |
Block 4: Mk 12.23-16.20 | → | → | → |
Easterntexts in the first block but near
Alexandrianones in the other three blocks. Perhaps the initial text of this Coptic version had an
Alexandrianflavour throughout but was then partially revised so that it became more
Easternin the first few chapters of Mark?
Westernin the initial chapters of Mark, occupies the
Westernbranch of the DC dendrogram for the first block.
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 2427 |
Byz | 02 04 f-1 33 157 180 205 565 579 597 700 892 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
it-d | 05 it-a it-b it-d it-e it-ff-2 it-q it-r-1 |
geo | 032 038 f-13 28 cop-sa arm geo |
vg | 037 it-aur it-c it-f it-l vg eth |
Poorly classified (worst last): 28 f-13 037 it-c |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 037 1342 2427 cop-bo |
Byz | 02 f-13 33 157 180 579 597 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
it-ff-2 | 05 038 565 it-a it-b it-c it-d it-ff-2 it-i it-q it-r-1 |
205 | 032 f-1 28 205 syr-s arm geo |
vg | 700 892 it-aur it-f it-l vg cop-sa eth |
Poorly classified (worst last): 700 it-c it-f eth cop-sa 892 |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
2427 | UBS 01 03 04 019 037 044 892 2427 it-k cop-sa cop-bo |
Byz | 02 157 180 597 700 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 09 011 013 022 042 Lect syr-p syr-h slav |
it-d | 05 it-a it-b it-d |
arm | 032 f-1 28 205 syr-s arm geo |
vg | 038 f-13 565 579 it-aur it-c it-f it-ff-2 it-i it-l it-q vg eth |
Poorly classified (worst last): it-q 565 f-13 579 eth it-ff-2 it-i |
Medoid | Members |
---|---|
03 | UBS 01 03 019 044 2427 cop-sa cop-bo |
Byz | 02 04 037 f-1 f-13 28 33 157 180 205 579 597 700 892 1006 1010 1071 1241 1243 1292 1342 1424 1505 Byz 07 011 013 042 Lect syr-p syr-h eth slav |
it-d | 05 it-d it-k |
565 | 032 038 565 arm |
vg | it-aur it-c it-ff-2 it-l it-q vg syr-s |
Poorly classified (worst last): 04 892 syr-s |
Block | Gr 03/2427 | Gr Byz | Gr it-d/it-ff-2 | Gr geo/205/... | Gr vg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1: Mk 1.1-4.24 | 04 f-1 205 565 892 1342 | it-ff-2 it-q | 038 cop-sa | eth | |
2: Mk 4.28-8.15 | 037 1342 | 038 565 it-ff-2 it-q | f-1 28 205 | ||
3: Mk 8.26-11.25 | 04 037 892 cop-sa | 1342 | f-1 28 205 | 038 | |
4: Mk 12.23-16.20 | cop-sa | 04 037 f-1 28 205 1342 eth | 038 565 | it-ff-2 it-q |
Westerntext. Henry A. Sanders thought the initial part of Mark (up to 5.31) was the Greek equivalent of the Old Latin version, agreeing with Codex Palatinus (it-e) in particular, and noticed an increasing number of agreements with
Syriacisingmanuscripts such as Family 1, Family 13, 28, and 565 in the remainder (after 5.31). Streeter compared the part of 032 following Mark 5.31 with members of his
Caesareantext (i.e. 038; Families 1 and 13; minuscules 28, 565, and 700), and concluded that it is
a member of the Θ family, the text of which has suffered, but not too greatly, from Byzantine revision.
Western.The following table, which lists the ten nearest neighbours of 032 in each block, also reveals the
Westerntendency of 032 in the first few chapters of Mark. Codices Palatinus (it-e), Veronensis (it-b), and Bezae (05) are among the nearest neighbours of 032 in the first block. In the remainder of Mark, the nearest neighbours of 032 are predominantly members of
Easterntext, includes the Armenian, Georgian, and Sinaitic Syriac. It is possible that these versions share the blame for the distinctive text which Greek members of this group, including 032, bear.
Eastern,
Western,
Byzantine,and
Alexandriancomponents in consecutive blocks.
Block | Witnesses |
---|---|
1: Mk 1.1-4.24 | it-e (0.480*); 042 (0.543*); it-b (0.571*); eth (0.586*); 1292 (0.594*); f-13 (0.600*); arm (0.600*); geo (0.600*); Lect (0.613*); 05 (0.618*) |
2: Mk 4.28-8.15 | f-1 (0.486*); 205 (0.486*); f-13 (0.514*); slav (0.531*); syr-p (0.533*); 02 (0.543*); 038 (0.543*); 1243 (0.543*); 011 (0.543*); it-f (0.548*) |
3: Mk 8.26-11.25 | arm (0.323*); syr-s (0.370*); cop-sa (0.370*); 019 (0.452*); 037 (0.457*); 205 (0.457*); 044 (0.469*); 28 (0.486*); geo (0.500*); UBS (0.514*) |
4: Mk 12.23-16.20 | syr-s (0.375*); f-13 (0.455*); cop-bo (0.458*); 892 (0.469*); 038 (0.484*); 565 (0.500*); f-1 (0.517*); arm (0.519*); 33 (0.538*); syr-h (0.538*) |
mcamethod of the
MASSpackage. (See Venables and Ripley,
Ideally, a critical apparatus gives all pertinent MS evidence necessary for the establishment of the best possible text, and nothing more. Since the number of MSS used in an apparatus must be kept within reasonable limits, it is clear that only a fraction of the total number of Greek MSS of the NT can be included. This could easily lead to arbitrariness — and it often has — unless somehow true representation could be assured. Selection is defensible only if the user of the apparatus can be convinced that the number of MSS presented spans and represents the whole tradition in text, date, and, insofar as this is known, provenance.
quantitativemethods which count agreements with selected witnesses to discover where an unclassified witness lies in relation to them. A weakness of this approach is that the selected witnesses are typically chosen by an
profilemethods which search for combinations of shared readings. These methods are inductive, relying on an initial phase where many texts are compared to identify variation sites which seem to be useful for discriminating between groups. This approach succeeds in identifying witnesses that belong to groups identified during the initial phase. However, if the initial phase does not cover all extant witnesses, there is a chance that important variation sites for group classification will not be discovered.
the quantitative definition of a text-type is a group of manuscripts that agree more than 70% per cent of the time and is separated by a gap of about 10 per cent from its neighbours.
If one were to use 70 percent, let us say, as a minimum percentage for showing a text-type, then we would have to conclude that there is no such thing as a distinction between the Byzantine and Alexandrian text-types.Using the example of percentage agreements with Codex Sinaiticus, Richards goes on to say (53)
As far as the 10 percent gap is concerned, there is no noticeable gap at all below the 70 percent line.According to Klaus Wachtel ("Colwell Revisited," 39), Colwell's criteria for defining a text-type, including that group members should share exclusive group readings, are very unlikely to be met when the analysis is based on comprehensive evidence.
all trustworthy restoration of corrupted texts is founded on the study of their history, that is, of the relations of descent or affinity which connect the several documents.
naturaldivisions of a data set.
Byzantine,
Alexandrian,and
Westerntypes. There is also a distinct group corresponding to Streeter's
Easterntype which counts the Old Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, P45, W, Family 1, minuscule 28, and Origen's quotations of Mark among its affiliates. Codex Koridethi (038) and minuscule 565, which Streeter regarded as primary authorities for his
Caesareantext, actually seem to be mixtures of the
Westernand
Easternvarieties. Another cluster corresponds to Jerome's Vulgate version of Mark's Gospel. It is located directly between a group of Old Latin texts and the
Byzantinecluster, suggesting that the
earlyGreek manuscripts Jerome used to revise the Latin text were of the
Byzantinevariety.
Alexandrianbranch; Latin versions with the
Western;and the Old Syriac, Armenian, and Georgian with the
Eastern.This might be construed as evidence that these early versions played a part in the textual tradition's divergence into the associated varieties.
Codex 1582 and Family 1 of the Gospels: The Gospel of Matthew.PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 1999.
The Origin(s) of the 'Caesarean' Text.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, San Antonio, 2004.
The Ancient Witnesses of the Epistle to the Hebrews.PhD diss., Murdoch University, 1999.
Mapping Textual Space.
Analysis of Textual Variation.Informal publication, 2011.
Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions.Program documentation for the
clusterpackage of
Problems of a Highly Contaminated Tradition: The New Testament.In
The Greek Vorlage of theSyra Harclensis : A Comparative Study on Method in Exploring Textual Genealogy.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Manuscript Classification.